Advanced Pharmacology week 10 response 2
Title Advanced Pharmacology week 10 response 2
Prefered Language style English (U.S.)
Type of document Essay
Number of pages/words 1 Page Double Spaced (approx 275 words per page)
Subject area Pharmacology
Academic Level Master
Style APA
Number of sources/references 3
Order description:
Please respond to barnabys post by Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research and use the resources at least 2 as references
Resources
Learning Resources
This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week’s assigned Learning Resources. To access select media resources, please use the media player below.
Required Readings
Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Chapter 33, “Prostatic Disorders and Erectile Dysfunction” (pp. 527-544)
This chapter examines the causes, pathophysiology, and drug treatment of four disorders: prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer, and erectile dysfunction. It also explores the importance of monitoring patient response and patient education.
Chapter 34, “Overactive Bladder” (pp. 545-564)
This chapter describes the causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and evaluation of overactive bladder. It also outlines the process of initiating, administering, and managing drug treatment for this disorder.
Chapter 55, “Contraception” (pp. 959-970)
This chapter examines various methods of contraception and covers drug interactions, selecting the most appropriate agent, and monitoring patient response to contraceptions.
Chapter 56, “Menopause” (pp. 971-994)
This chapter presents various options for menopausal hormone therapy and examines the strengths and limitations of each form of therapy.
Chapter 57, “Osteoporosis” (pp. 985-994)
This chapter covers various options for treating osteoporosis. It also describes proper dosages, potential adverse reactions, and special considerations of each drug.
Chapter 58, “Vaginitis” (pp. 995-1006)
This chapter examines various causes of vaginitis and explores the diagnostic criteria and methods of treatment for the disorder.
Holloway, D. (2010). Clinical update on hormone replacement therapy. British Journal of Nursing, 19(8), 496–504
Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article examines the purpose, components, and administration of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It also presents benefits, risks, potential side effects, and alternative treatment options of HRT.
Mäkinen, J. I., & Huhtaniemi, I. (2011). Androgen replacement therapy in late-onset hypogonadism: Current concepts and controversies—A mini-review. Gerontology, 57(3), 193–202.
Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article examines the role of testosterone levels in the development of hypogonadism. It also explores health issues that are impacted by testosterone levels and the role of testosterone replacement therapy.
Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/
This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. (2014). The Guide to Clinical Preventive Services: Section 2. Recommendations for Adults. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/guide/section2.html
This website lists various preventive services available for men and women and provides information about available screenings, tests, preventive medication, and counseling.
Barnabys post
1 day ago Barnaby Urias
DQ 10- Hormone Replacement Therapy
COLLAPSE
Professor and Class,
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) most often involves the administration of estrogen alone or estrogen in combination with progesterone. Estrogen is a general term for any number of sex hormones, including estradiol, the main estrogen produced by the body, and estriol and estrone, which are products of estradiol metabolism. Progesterone is another sex hormone, which often opposes estrogen in action. Progestin is a general term for progesterone or other substances that have the same effect as progesterone. Alternatively, HRT may involve the administration of androgens, either for transgender men or for men suffering from hypogonadism; however, there is little confirmed evidence to suggest that androgen therapy is carcinogenic in humans. Estrogen and progesterone are found in many animal fluids and tissues, including milk and meat, as well as many plants, including palm kernel oil. The estrogen most often used in HRT is extracted from the urine of pregnant mares. Estrogens and progesterones are also used commercially in skin and hair products in low concentrations. The most likely route of excessive exposure is use of prescribed HRT in oral, dermal, or vaginal preparations (Anderson, 2014).
In androgen replacement therapy (ART), normal testicular function is essential for the maintenance of male physical strength and behavior irrespective of age. A new term of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) has been coined for the condition of decreased testosterone (T) and hypogonadal symptoms in ageing men. While the quality of life of ageing women following the abrupt menopausal cessation of ovarian hormone production can be maintained by hormone replacement therapy, in men the ageing-related decline in hormone levels and the associated symptoms are more complex. The decline in testicular endocrine function (that is T production) is diffuse compared to women, and the decline starts slowly and with great individual variability around the age of 40 years. Moreover, the majority of men remain eugonadal even in advanced age. Due to this clear difference compared with women’s menopause the recommended term for the hormonal decline in ageing men is late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) (Mäkinen, 2011).
Strengths and Limitations of HRT
Currently, women are advised to take HRT to manage their symptoms. This has changed from the 1990s where women were on HRT for long-term treatment not only for symptoms but also to prevent of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and osteoporosis. The advice now is for women to take HRT for the shortest time at the lowest dose to relieve symptoms. The symptoms women experience are due to the decline in oestrogen, the most common being vasomotor symptoms, such as hot flushes and night sweats, and psychological and urogential symptoms. There are longer-term problems associated with oestrogen deficiency such as osteoporosis and CVD. In practice, most women present with symptoms before their periods stop and HRT can be prescribed to help these women manage those symptoms. Some women are not able to take HRT. These include those with: existing CVD, venous thromboembolism (VTE), breast or uterine cancer, and liver disease (Holloway, 2010).
In men, clinically significant declines of thyroid and pancreatic functions occur with ageing, leading subtly to primary hypothyroidism and impaired glucose tolerance. Similar declines have been observed in hormone production of the adrenal glands (in particular androgens) and testes, and in the production of growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, melatonin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1. The testosterone (T) concentration in men remains stable until around the age of 40 years, after which the circulating level of total T decreases by 1–2% annually and that of the biologically active free T by 2–3% (Mäkinen, 2011).
HRT- Risks and Benefits
Some of the benefits associated with HRT in women are: relief from vasomotor symptoms, relief from vaginal dryness, pain with sex, urinary frequency with either local or systemic hormone replacement therapy (HRT), reduces or stops recurrent urinary tract infections – relieved by locally applied HRT, reduces the risk of spine and hip fractures, and combined therapy reduces the risk of colorectal cancer. Some of the risks associated with HRT in women are: breast cancer – increased risk with combined regimens, raised risk endometrial cancer if oestrogen not given in combination with progestogen, venous thromboembolism, gallbladder disease, and an increase risk of stroke. Some uncertainties associated with HRT in women are: may increase or decrease risk of CVD, may reduce or increase the risk of dementia, and may reduce or increase the risk of ovarian cancer (Holloway, 2010).
In men, chronic illnesses, hypertension, coronary artery disease (CAD), obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with reduced T concentrations in middle-aged men, but also many acute severe illnesses seem to produce hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The hormonal equilibrium is fragile, since also lifestyle and psychosocial factors influence the secretion of T (Mäkinen, 2011).
Supplemental Hormones/Alternative Treatments
The goal of drug therapy is to manage the symptoms related to menopause, notably vasomotor symptoms (VMS), and menopause-related genitourinary symptoms, the goal is reduction in symptom severity and frequency and subsequent improvement in the quality of life (QoL). Hormone therapy can be administered orally (PO), transdermal patch, or vaginal routes (Arcangelo, 2017). This is an advantage and gives providers and patients plenty of choices and options to choose which medication is best for that patient and t their current lifestyle.
The recent discovery of nonsteroidal selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) provides a promising alternative for testosterone replacement therapies, including hormonal male contraception. The identification of an orally bioavailable SARM with the ability to mimic the central and peripheral androgenic and anabolic effects of testosterone would represent an important step toward the “male pill” (Dalton, n.d). Advances in ART, help men to become more comfortable with talking about changes in their bodies and makes medication compliance that much easier, if men have different options to supplemental replacements as women do.
Reference
Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Anderson, C. B. (2014). Hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Salem Press Encyclopedia Of Health
dalton, J. T. (n.d). A selective androgen receptor modulator for hormonal male contraception. Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, 312(2), 546-553.
Holloway, D. (2010). Clinical update on hormone replacement therapy. British Journal of Nursing, 19(8), 496–504
Mäkinen, J. I., & Huhtaniemi, I. (2011). Androgen replacement therapy in late-onset hypogonadism: Current concepts and controversies—A mini-review. Gerontology, 57(3), 193–202