Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) – Advanced patho week 4 response 2
Type of document Essay
1 Page
Subject area Nursing
Academic Level Master
Style APA Number of references 4
Order description:
Please respond to esthers post in one of the following ways and make sure you use this weeks readings and resources as some of the references Share insights on how the factor you selected impacts the cardiovascular alteration your colleague selected.
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.
Esther Odaibo
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
COLLAPSE
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a progressive condition that leads to myocardial infarction and ischemia without timely medical intervention (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 610). It refers to the pathologic process affecting the coronary arteries (usually atherosclerosis – the hardening of the arteries caused by the accumulation of lipid laden macrophages within the artery wall that form plaque (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 607) and is sometimes referred to as Coronary Heart Disease which include the diagnosis of angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, silent myocardial ischemia (Wilson & Douglas, 2017). A major event in the progression of CAD is when a plaque ruptures and causes tissue ischemia, such as MI (Laureate Education, 2012a). Injured and infarcted endothelial cells become inflamed with inflammation playing a major role in initiating and maintaining the progression or atherogenesis (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 607). Atherogenesis is a disorder of the arterial wall that involves adhesions of monocytes and lymphocytes to the endothelial cell surface, migration of monocytes into the sub-endothelial space and differentiation into macrophages and the ingestion of low density lipoproteins by macrophages by several other pathways (Ross & Agius, 1992).
Patient Factors that influence CAD : Behavior.
The most common risk factors for CAD are modifiable through lifestyle changes, adopting healthier eating choices and through self-control. Risk factors include smoking, hypertension, diabetes, increased levels of low density lipoproteins (LDL), decreased levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 607). Treatment for atherosclerosis include adopting an exercise program, smoking cessation, control of hypertension and diabetes through diet and/or medications (Laureate Education. 2012a slide 19).
Behavior as a Factor leading to alterations in Dyslipidemia.
Dyslipidemia refers to abnormal concentrations of serum lipoproteins (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 611), Dietary choices play a major role in serum lipoproteins. High dietary intake of cholesterol and saturated fats with other factors like genetics predisposes one to the accumulation of LDL. LDL plays a role in endothelial injury, inflammation and immune responses that have been identified as being important in atherogenesis (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 611). Low levels of HDL cholesterol are a strong indicator of coronary risk (Huether & McCance, 2017 P 611). Behavioral modifications in dietary choices can increase HDL and decrease LDL reducing the risk of CAD. Exercise also plays a major role in HDL synthesis and controlling risk factors like diabetes and hypertension.
Conclusion
Taking responsibility and being accountable through health promoting behaviors can preserve myocardial health and lower the risk of coronary artery disease in individuals.
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012a). Alterations of Cardiovascular Functions PPT lecture. Baltimore, MD : Author.
Ross, R., & Agius, L. (1992, December). The process of atherogenesis–cellular and molecular interaction: From experimental animal models to humans. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1478376
Wilson, P. W., MD, & Douglas, P. S., MD. (2017, April 6). Epidemiology of coronary heart disease. Retrieved June 20, 2018, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiology-of-coronary-heart-disease?search=coronary artery disease&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150&usage_type=default&display_rank=2
These are the readings and resources to use as references
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 23, “Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems”
This chapter examines the circulatory system, heart, systemic circulation, and lymphatic system to establish a foundation for normal cardiovascular function. It focuses on the structure and function of various parts of the circulatory system to illustrate normal blood flow.
Chapter 24, “Alterations of Cardiovascular Function”
This chapter presents the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. It focuses on diseases of the veins and arteries, disorders of the heart wall, heart disease, and shock.
Chapter 25, “Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children”
This chapter examines cardiovascular disorders that affect children. It distinguishes congenital heart disease from acquired cardiovascular disorders.
Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 11, “Cardiovascular Disorders: Vascular Disease”
This chapter begins with an overview of the vascular component of the cardiovascular system and how the cardiovascular system is normally regulated. It then describes three common vascular disorders: atherosclerosis, hypertension, and shock.
Required Media
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012a). Alterations of cardiovascular functions PPT lecture. Baltimore, MD: Author.
This media presentation outlines common alterations of cardiovascular function, including disorders of the veins and arteries.
Optional Resources
American Heart Association. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/
Million Hearts. (2012). Retrieved from http://millionhearts.hhs.gov/index.html
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
