Pernicious Anemia – Iron Deficiency Anemia – discussion week 7 response 1
Type of document Essay
1 Page
Subject area Nursing
Academic Level Master
Style APA
Number of references 4
Order description:
Please respond to traceys post in one of the following waysShare insights on how the anemia you selected is similar to or different from the one your colleague selected.
Discuss how genetic, gender, ethnic, age, and behavioral factors impact the diagnosis and prescription of treatment for anemic patients and use at least 2 of the resources as references or I dont get credit
These are the readings and resources
Learning Resources
Required Readings
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Chapter 20, “Structure and Function of the Hematologic System”
This chapter examines components of the hematologic system, development of blood cells, mechanisms of hemostasis, and hematologic value changes in pediatrics and geriatrics. It also focuses on common blood tests for hematologic disorders.
Chapter 21, “Alterations of Hematologic Function”
This chapter focuses on common alterations of hematologic function, including alterations of erythrocyte function, leukocyte function, lymphoid function, splenic function, platelets, and coagulation.
Chapter 22, “Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children”
This chapter expands on alterations of hematologic function by presenting disorders that affect children, such as disorders of erythrocytes, coagulation, and platelets.
Hammer, G. G. , & McPhee, S. (2014). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine. (7th ed.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 6, “Blood Disorders”
This chapter begins by exploring the anatomy and physiology of blood and the coagulation system. It then examines two types of anemia caused by red cell disorders. White blood cell disorders and platelet disorders are also examined.
Optional Resources
American Sickle Cell Anemia Association. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.ascaa.org/
Tracys post
Tracey Rusnak
WK 7 Pernicious Anemia
COLLAPSE
NURS-6501-15: Advanced Pathophysiology
Pernicious Anemia
Anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to provide oxygen to tissues (Medlineplus, 2018). Macrocytic-normochromic anemias are the result of ineffective DNA synthesis caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid. Pernicious anemia (PA) is the most common macrocytic type caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and may be caused by a congenital or an autoimmune process directed against gastric parietal cells (Huether, & McCance, 2012). Vitamin B12 is essential for nuclear maturation and DNA synthesis in red blood cells. The body receives this vitamin from eating foods such as meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs, and dairy products. A protein called intrinsic factor (IF) is released from cells in the stomach and is responsible for the absorption of dietary vitamin B12 from the intestines (Medlineplus, 2018). Most cases of PA result from an autoimmune gastritis called type A chronic gastritis. In this condition, gastric mucosal atrophy causes a destruction of parietal cells and a reduction of all gastric secretions such as hydrochloric acid, pepsin and IF. The degree of malabsorption of vitamin B12 is related to the severity of the gastric lesions (Huether, & McCance, 2012).
Pernicious Anemia – Iron Deficiency Anemia
As opposed to macrocytic anemia where the erythrocytes (blood cells) are unusually large and plentiful with a normal hemoglobin; microcytic anemia is characterized by abnormally small blood cells and a reduced amount of hemoglobin (Huether, & McCance, 2012). Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a form of microcytic-hypochromic anemia in which the blood lacks adequate red blood cells due to insufficient iron (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). IDA is caused by an inadequate dietary intake or chronic blood loss (Huether, & McCance, 2012). Iron is a necessary component of hemoglobin, which is the substance that red blood cells use to carry oxygen to cells and tissues throughout the body. IDA develops slowly over three phases. The first phase involves a reduction in iron stores that effects red cell production and hemoglobin synthesis. The bone marrow uses the iron from the hemoglobin for red cell production. As the bone marrow depletes this source of iron, iron deficient red blood cells begin to be produced. The third phase is when these hemoglobin deficient erythrocytes enter the circulation to replace normal, aged red blood cells that have been destroyed (Huether, & McCance, 2012).
Clinical Manifestations
PA develops slowly and is often left untreated and undiagnosed because of its vague and nonspecific symptoms. Classic symptoms appear when the hemoglobin reaches 7 to 8g/dl. Symptoms include weakness, fatigue, paresthesia of feet and fingers, anorexia, abdominal pain, weight loss, beefy red tongue, and a sallow skin color (Huether, & McCance, 2012). As with PA, symptoms for IDA do not appear until the hemoglobin reaches 7 to 8g/dl. Early symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pallor. Advanced symptoms include sore, red tongue, brittle finger nails, and angular stomatitis (Huether, & McCance, 2012). Treatment involves replacement of the deficiencies associated with each anemia.
Diet
Vitamin B-12 deficiency can result from a diet lacking in vitamin B-12, which is found mainly in meat, eggs and milk (Medline Plus, 2018). A diet rich in iron is imperative to maintain adequate iron levels to support the production of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Iron rich foods include meat, eggs, leafy green vegetables and iron-fortified foods (Mayo Clinic, n.d.).
References
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2012). Understanding pathophysiology (Laureate custom (ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). Iron deficiency anemia. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/iron-deficiency-anemia/symptoms-causes
Medlineplus. (2018). Pernicious anemia. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000569.htm
