Effectiveness of private prisons in reducing recidivism
Order Instructions:
Review the study by Spivak and Sharp (2008) on the effectiveness of private prisons in reducing recidivism.
Describe the research problem that Spivak and Sharp (2008) addressed in their study.
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Types of Variables
A researcher wishes to operationalize her study variables in the following manner. How might she go about doing so? Summarize your responses in tabular form see example below, and supplement your table with a supporting narrative.
Age (continuous)
Gender (dichotomous)
Ethnicity (categorical)
Education (ordinal)
Income (continuous)
Marital status (categorical)
Weight (continuous)
Blood pressure (continuous)
Hypertension (dichotomous)
Body temperature (continuous)
Health insurance status (categorical)
Smoking status (dichotomous)
Cancer Stage (ordinal)
EXAMPLE:
Variable:
Name
Type
How operationalized
How measured
Age
Etc.
continuous
Age in years
How old were you on your last birthday?
Narrative: When age is operationalized in this manner, one would merely need to query the respondent to determine the age she turned on her last birthday. Alternatively, the researcher could ask the respondent to provide his birth date and year, and then calculate age at a later time.
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TOPIC: SOCIAL DESIRABILITY BIAS
Social desirability bias refers to a term employed during scientific research; mainly psychological studies, through which it appears, recognized that an individual can respond to discussion questions through means he/she considers appears socially acceptable, instead of being fully accurate. Furthermore, the major belief concerning this theory is inclined to affirm that the individual is not important to appear deceitful or malicious, except appears generally frightened to disclose information which he/she considers that society would judge them. On the point of view, this bias appears normally most widespread with personal questions concerning potentially responsive issues, including opinions on sexual behavior, drug abuse or race, as well as can stop researchers from accumulating accurate data for studies (Flanagan, pg. 117, 2005).
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Intervention Report
Introduction
The school curriculum is organized in such a manner that a student is expected to have assimilated certain skills at a given level. Successive levels build upon previously acquired knowledge to advance the objectives of the schooling system. It is worth noting that observations show discrepancy between what students at a particular level can competently accomplish against what is expected of them. Sometimes performance is below expectations; at others it mirrors expectations while in other cases it exceeds expectations.
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Measurement
Section A:
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is a PTSD assessment tool that provides vital PTSD information through structured interviews to provide categorical diagnosis. This measure provides the categorical diagnosis of PTSD by measuring the severity of PTSD symptoms as provided in the DSM-IV. It is usually administered by a trained professional in social work and takes up a minimum of 30 minutes and a maximum of 60 minutes. It is considered as a structured interview that is designed to ensure that it provides a social worker or other professionals with the relevant categorical PTSD diagnosis. It also provides measurements for the severity of the symptoms exhibited by an individual (Reis, & Judd, 2000).
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ICT TECHNOLOGIES FOR LEARNING
ICT has become one of the important tools in modern classrooms. This is based on the fact that it engages students on a number of levels, hence making the teacher’s job much easier. Though ICT does not guarantee good learning, but as a result of effective learning environment ICT in classes is in a position to challenge students engage in critical thinking at high levels to ensure that they have quality learning. This is because, ICT provides various applications like PowerPoint for presentations and Movie maker to show movies which enables the teacher to provide variety into his/her lessons. Moreover, in case the teacher incorporates various packages, then students will be challenged to figure out and interact with others in the process of learning to ensure desired results (Blurton 2002).
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IMPLEMENTING CHANGE IN AN ORGANIZATION
Based on the transformation theory, leaders hold a clear vision for the organization, and make followers commit to that vision of change. During change implementation, Bonabeau (2007) states that leaders are required to transform and vitalize the organization through vision and creativity that will implement change in the organization. In addition, the leaders plays a very important role in allowing his/her followers to make suggestions on how, along with the issues arising during change implementation by creating trust
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Culture and Psychology
In psychology, there is a branch called cultural psychology which assumes that culture and mind are inseparable (Kitayami, et al, 2003). In this case, culture is believed to influence human development, identity and personality, attitudes and beliefs, and healthcare.These factors are very important in determining the quality of life that people live. Good cultural practices enhances better of the above aspects of life and bad cultural practices worsens them (Nasbett, 2003). In consideration of these facts, it is perhaps possible to maximise on this relationship between culture and psychological development to improve the quality of live. This is, especially, true considering the fact that some culture will have a more positive impact on the quality of life than others.
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Domestic Violence
Domestic violence against women is a major health issue for the women. Economic and health costs are large. The women that have gone through violence have a higher likelihood to suffer from health issues and ongoing physical conditions (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2005). In Australia; Violence is the number one contributor to death, illness and disability of the women that are between fifteen and forty four years old (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006; Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2005).
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The Cause of Aggressive Crime
The Unites States of America and other countries have in the past experienced aggressive crime where offenders take lives or injure innocent people. A typical example is the Colorado school killing in April, 20th 1999 where two students walked into the school with guns, sprayed bullets on their colleagues and a teacher killing a total of 23 people. More recently, two weeks before Christmas, a man with a gun killed a mother and 26 others in Sandy Hook Elementary School, this being deemed as the worse massacre of the innocent in 2012.
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