Reasons for HIV Increase – Advanced Pharmacology response 2
Type of document Essay
1 Page Double Spaced
Subject area Pharmacology
Academic Level Master
Style APA
References 3
Order description:
Please respond to Gayla post by who provided a different rationale than you did, in one or more of the following ways:
Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.
Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research
Please use the readings and resources as some of the references
Required Readings
Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Chapter 8, “Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy” (pp. 111-134)
This chapter covers factors that impact the selection of an antimicrobial treatment regimen. It also examines the clinical uses, adverse events, and drug interactions of various antimicrobial agents such as penicillin.
Chapter 12, “Fungal Infections of the Skin” (pp. 163-196)
This chapter explores the pathophysiology of several fungal infections of the skin as well as related drug treatments and examines the importance of patient education when managing these infections.
Chapter 14, “Bacterial Infections of the Skin” (pp. 181-196)
This chapter begins by examining causes of bacterial infections. It then explores the importance of selecting an appropriate agent for treating bacterial infections.
Chapter 32, “Urinary Tract Infection” (pp. 519-526)
This chapter covers drugs used to treat urinary tract infections and identifies special considerations when treating geriatric patients, pediatric patients, and women.
Chapter 35, “Sexually Transmitted Infections” (pp. 512-535)
This chapter outlines the causes, pathophysiology, and drug treatment of six sexually transmitted infections, including gonorrhea, syphilis, and human papilloma virus infection (HPV). It also examines the importance of selecting the proper agent and monitoring patient response to treatment.
Chapter 49, “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” (pp. 843-860)
This chapter presents the causes, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and prevention methods for HIV. It also covers various methods of drug treatment and patient factors to consider when selecting, administering, and managing drug treatments.
Krummenacher, I., Cavassini, M., Bugnon, O., & Schneider, M. (2011). An interdisciplinary HIV-adherence program combining motivational interviewing and electronic antiretroviral drug monitoring. AIDS Care, 23(5), 550–561.
Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article analyzes medication adherence in HIV patients and examines factors that increase adherence as well as factors that contribute to termination or discontinuation of treatment.
Drugs.com. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.drugs.com/
This website presents a comprehensive review of prescription and over-the-counter drugs including information on common uses and potential side effects. It also provides updates relating to new drugs on the market, support from health professionals, and a drug-drug interactions checker.
Scourfield, A., Waters, L., & Nelson, M. (2011). Drug combinations for HIV: What’s new? Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 9(11), 1001–1011.
Note: Retrieved from the Walden Library databases.
This article examines current therapies and strategies for treating HIV patients. It also examines factors that impact selection of therapy, including drug interactions, personalization of therapy, costs, management of comorbidities, and patient response.
Required Media
Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2012). Antimicrobials. Baltimore, MD: Author.
This media presentation outlines principles of antimicrobial therapy
Optional Resources
Mayer, K. H., & Krakower, D. (2012). Antiretroviral medication aG
When considering the increase in the prevalence of HIV infection, there appears to be a variety of factors at play in the increase rather than increase complacency related to the improvements in antiviral therapy.
Reasons for HIV Increase
Individuals diagnosed with HIV infections are referred to clinics which transmissions in the management of monitoring CD4 T-cell counts and viral load and resistance testing (Spooner, 2017). A variety of antiviral treatment regimens are available to manage disease progression while keeping in mind individual preferences, adverse effects, and co-occurring health problems (Spooner, 2017). Individuals living with HIV now have been able to live longer, which is causing the need for management of conditions noted in the general aging population (Zingmond, Arfer, Gildner, & Leibowitz, 2017). With this longer life expectancy, there is the need to educate patients to prevent transmission of the disease. Several social factors were noted to contribute to disease transmission such as intravenous drug use, sex trades, and male-to-male disease transmission.
While the prevalence of HIV infections in intravenous drug users has been noted to be decreasing, there is an increase in comorbid conditions in this population (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). Deaths from comorbid conditions and heroin overdoses may contribute to the prevalence (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). However, to decrease HIV prevalence in this population, a multi-faceted approach is needed which includes HIV and blood borne disease testing and treatment; needle exchange programs; access to condoms, as well as safe needle disposal systems (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018).
Individuals involved in the sex trade industry are at increased risk for disease transmission of both sexually transmitted infections and HIV (Wilson, 2015). Access to health care, as well as fears related to stigma and prosecution, are factors which can impact treatment and disease transmission (Wilson, 2015). Preventative care with population focused intervention have been found to be effective in reducing HIV infections; however, funding can be a crucial factor in meeting this global need (Wilson, 2015).
Lastly, the researchers noted an increase in HIV infections among men who have sex with men (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). The percentage of undiagnosed HIV infections were noted to be higher among Latino, African American and Asian populations (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). Males who have sex with males were contributed with the highest percentage of new infections (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). Thus prevention and education interventions are needed in this at risk population group.
Role of Health Care Professionals
Health care professionals have a variety of responsibilities in providing preventative care and education for all individuals. When completing medical and social history, it is important to consider a variety of risk factors such as intravenous drug use, safe sex practices, and occupational risk for HIV infections. Spooner (2017) noted, “prevention is the key to avoiding transmission” (p.843). Sexual contact is the most common transmission route (Spooner, 2017). Education into safe sex practices should be provided during well care visits. For those individuals living with HIV, education regarding healthy lifestyle choices is critical to preventing and managing co-morbid health conditions (Zingmond, Arfer, Gildner, & Leibowitz, 2017). Providing education into medication management, which includes both scheduling and managing adverse effects (Spooner, 2017). Advocacy is also needed regarding social programs for populations at risk, such as those in the sex trades, or suffering from mental illness and substance abuse. Nurses have an ethical obligation to advocate for social justice in health care both in their community and globally (American Nurses Association, 2015).
Education Regarding Medication Adherence and Safety Practices
Advanced practice nurses should educate patients regarding the treatment benefits for the individualized treatment regimen. Discussion should include information on adverse effects and ways to manage symptoms to maintain treatment adherence (Spooner, 2017). Open and honest communication should be encouraged between the patient and the treatment team, which allows the patient to partner in their care. Consideration regarding medication schedule challenges should be reviewed with the patient to determine the best treatment regimen for both decreasing viral loads and adherence.
Safe sex practices should be discussed. Education regarding the advantage of early diagnosis and treatment of HIV and sexually transmitted infections should be provided (Spooner, 2017). Males who engage in sex with other male partners, as well as other at-risk populations, such as those involved in intravenous drug use and sex trades should be encouraged to receive screening for HIV and other blood borne diseases (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018; Wilson, 2015).
For those individuals who use intravenous drugs, education regarding preventing disease transmission through needle exchange programs is crucial (Singh, Song, Johnson, McCray, & Hall, 2018). Use of these programs also assists in ensuring the safe disposal of used syringes.
References
American Nurses Association. (2015). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Silver Spring, MD. Retrieved from: https://www.nursingworld.org/coe-view-only
Singh, S., Song, R., Johnson, A. S., McCray, E., & Hall, H. I. (2018). HIV Incidence, Prevalence, and Undiagnosed Infections in U.S. Men Who Have Sex with Men. Annals of Internal Medicine, (10). 685. doi:10.7326/M17-2082.
Spooner, L.M. (2017). Human immunodeficiency virus. In Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed., pp. 843-859). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Wilson, D. (2015). HIV Programs for Sex Workers: Lessons and Challenges for Developing and Delivering Programs. PLOS Medicine, 12(6), doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001808
Zingmond, D. S., Arfer, K. B., Gildner, J. L., & Leibowitz, A. A. (2017). The cost of comorbidities in treatment for HIV/AIDS in California. Plos ONE, (12), doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189392
