World Civilization
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World Civilization
Type of document Essay
6 Pages Double Spaced
Subject area History
Academic Level Undergraduate
Style MLA
References 1
Order description:
Please respond to all of the following “short answer” questions. Your answer should be 3 paragraphs long and be based on (a) the textbook, (b) the other readings for the course, and (c) my lectures.
- What was the slave trade like in Central and West Africa before Europeans initiated the trans-Atlantic slave trade? How did European colonial powers’ consolidation of the “Atlantic system” change the practice of the slavery in Africa and in what ways did this genocidal system transform Central and West African societies?
- Using one of the three Islamic dynasties (Ottoman, Safavid, or Mughal) as an example, please explain (a) how this early modern empire maintained control over its territory and (b) how the state addressed the question of religious diversity amongst its subjects.
- We have discussed how feudal relations of production appeared in several historical contexts. Please explain how and why Japanese society before and during the Tokugawa Shogunate showed feudal characteristics, being sure to explain how these periods differed from one another.
- Please explain how events in late 18th century France and late 18th/early 19th century Haiti related to one another. How did Haiti/San Domingue contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution? How did the outbreak of the French Revolution affect Haiti? How do these revolutions relate to each other, in terms of their world historical impact?
- How does the argument put forward by the French revolutionary pamphlet “What Is the Third Estate?” relate to the discourse of nationalism? How does it define the nation and determine who constitutes it?
- How did the Industrial Revolution transform European societies, and how did the consolidation of mechanized industrial production and the rise of industrial capitalism affect the world outside of Europe? Please provide examples from specific societies inside and outside of Europe.
- What types of institutions, objectives, and power define the modern state? Please explain using Mehmet ‘Ali’s Egypt as an example.
Ibn Khaldun on the Plague, 1348 Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out. It overtook the dynasties at the time of their senility, when they had reached the limit of their duration. It lessened their power and curtailed their influence. It weakened their authority. Their situation approached the point of annihilation and dissolution. Civilization decreased with the decrease of mankind. Cities and buildings were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed.
Ibn Al-Wardi, “On the Advance of the Plague,” Aleppo, Syria, 1348
Oh, What a visitor: it has been it has been current for fifteen years. China was not preserved from it nor could the strongest fortress hinder it. The plague afflicted the Indians in India. It weighed upon the Sind. It seized with its hand and ensnared even the lands of the Uzbeks. How many backs did it break in what is Transoxiana! The plague increased and spread further. It attacked the Persians, extended its steps toward the land of the Khitai, and gnawed away at the Crimea. It pelted Rum with live coals and let the outrage to Cyprus and islands… It directed the shooting of its arrows to Damascus. There the plague sat like a king on a throne and swayed with power, killing daily one thousand or more and decimating the population. It destroyed mankind with its pustules. May God the Most High spare Damascus to pursue its own path and extinguish the plague’s fires so that they do not come close to her fragrant orchards. Oh God, restore Damascus and protect her from insult. Its morale has been lowered that people in the city sell themselves for a gain… Then, the plague sought Aleppo, but it did not succeed. By God’s mercy the plague was the lighted oppressions. I would not say that plants must grow from their seeds. The pestilence had triumphed and appeared in Aleppo. They said: it has made on mankind an attack. I called it a pestilence. How amazingly does it pursue the people of each house! One of them spits blood, and everyone in the household is certain of death. It brings the entire family to their graves after two or three nights. I asked the Creator on mankind to dispel the plague when it struck… Oh God, it is acting by Your command. Lift this from us. It happens where You wish; keep the plague from us. Who will defend us against this horror other than You the Almighty?
[Source: Joseph Patrick Byrne, Daily Life During the Black Death (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2006), pp. 260-261.]
Ibn Batutta on the Plague, Damascus, 1348 (he traveled to Cairo during the same period)
I saw a remarkable instance of the veneration in which the Damascenes hold this mosque during the great pestilence on my return journey through Damascus, in the latter part of July 1348. The viceroy Arghun Shah ordered a crier to proclaim through Damascus that all the people should fast for three days and that no one should cook anything eatable in the market during the daytime. For most of the people there eat no food but what has been prepared in the market. So the people fasted for three successive days, the last of which was a Thursday, then they assembled in the Great Mosque, amirs, sharifs, qadis, theologians, and all the other classes of the people, until the place was filled to overflowing, and there they spent the Thursday night in prayers and litanies. After the dawn prayer next morning they all went out together on foot, holding Korans in their hands, and the amirs barefooted. The procession was joined by the entire population of the town, men and women, small and large; the Jews came with their Book of the Law and the Christians with their Gospel, all of them with their women and children. The whole concourse, weeping and supplicating and seeking the favour of God through His Books and His Prophets, made their way to the Mosque of the Footprints, and there they remained in supplication and invocation until near midday. They then returned to the city and held the Friday service, and God lightened their affliction; for the number of deaths in a single day at Damascus did not attain two thousand, while in Cairo and Old Cairo it reached the figure of twenty-four thousand a day. [Source: Ibn Battuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354, tr. and ed. H. A. R. Gibb (London: Broadway House, 1929)]
Jean de Vinette on the Black Plague, France, 1348
In A.D. 1348, the people of Florence and of almost the whole world were struck by a blow other than war. For in addition to the famine . . . and to the wars . . . pestilence and its attendant tribulations appeared again in various parts of the world. In the month of August, 1348, after Vespers when the sun was beginning to set, a big and very bright star appeared above Paris, toward the west. It did not seem, as stars usually do, to be very high above our hemisphere but rather very near. As the sun set and night came on, this star did not seem to me or to many other friars who were watching it to move from one place. At length, when night had come, this big star, to the amazement of all of us who were watching, broke into many different rays and, as it shed these rays over Paris toward the east, totally disappeared and was completely annihilated. Whether it was a comet or not, whether it was composed of airy exhalations and was finally resolved into vapor, I leave to the decision of astronomers. It is, however, possible that it was a presage of the amazing pestilence to come, which, in fact, followed very shortly in Paris and throughout France and elsewhere, as I shall tell. All this year and the next, the mortality of men and women, of the young even more than of the old, in Paris and in the kingdom of France, and also, it is said, in other parts of the world, was so great that it was almost impossible to bury the dead. People lay ill little more than two or three days and died suddenly, as it were in full health. He who was well one day was dead the next and being carried to his grave. Swellings appeared suddenly in the armpit or in the groin — in many cases both — and they were infallible signs of death…
This plague, it is said, began among the unbelievers, came to Italy, and then crossing the Alps reached Avignon, where it attacked several cardinals and took from them their whole household. Then it spread, unforeseen, to France, through Gascony and Spain, little by little, from town to town, from village to village, from house to house, and finally from person to person. It even crossed over to Germany, though it was not so bad there as with us. During the epidemic, God of His accustomed goodness deigned to grant this grace, that however suddenly men died, almost all awaited death joyfully. Nor was there anyone who died without confessing his sins and receiving the holy viaticum.
Some said that this pestilence was caused by infection of the air and waters, since there was at this time no famine nor lack of food supplies, but on the contrary great abundance. As a result of this theory of infected water and air as the source of the plague the Jews were suddenly and violently charged with infecting wells and water and corrupting the air. The whole world rose up against them cruelly on this account. In Germany and other parts of the world where Jews lived, they were massacred and slaughtered by Christians, and many thousands were burned everywhere, indiscriminately. The unshaken, if fatuous, constancy of the men and their wives was remarkable. For mothers hurled their children first into the fire that they might not be baptized and then leaped in after them to burn with their husbands and children. It is said that many bad Christians were found who in like manner put poison into wells. But in truth, such poisonings, granted that they actually were perpetrated, could not have caused so great a plague nor have infected so many people. There were other causes; for example, the will of God and the corrupt humors and evil inherent in air and earth. Perhaps the poisonings, if they actually took place in some localities, reinforced these causes… [Source: Richard A. Newhall, ed., Jean Birdsall, trans., The Chronicle of Jean de Venette (New York: Columbia University Press, 1953), pp. 48-51.]
Henry Knighton, Abbey of St Mary of the Meadows, Leicester, England, 1348
In this year there was a general mortality among men throughout the world. It began first in India, and then appeared in Tharsis, then among the Saracens, and last among the Christians and Jews… The dreadful pestilence penetrated the sea coast by Southampton and came to Bristol, and there almost the whole population of the town perished, as if it had been seized by sudden death; for few kept their beds more than two or three days, or even half a day. Then this cruel death spread everywhere around, following the course of the sun. And there died at Leicester in the small parish of St. Leonard more than 380 persons, in the parish of Holy Cross, 400; in the parish of St. Margaret’s, Leicester, 700; and so in every parish, a great multitude. Then the Bishop of London sent word throughout his whole diocese giving general power to each and every priest, regular as well as secular, to hear confessions and to give absolution to all persons with full Episcopal authority, except only in case of debt. In this case, the debtor was to pay the debt, if he was able, while he lived, or others were to fulfill his obligations from his property after his death. Likewise the Pope granted full remission of all sins to anyone receiving absolution when in danger of death, and granted that this power should last until Easter next following, and that everyone might choose whatever confessor he pleased. [Source: Chronicles, trans. Edith Rickert, in Chaucer’s World (ed. E. Rickert, C.C. Olson and M.M. Crow) Oxford University Press, 1948.]